Clearing the Skies: Air Traffic Control with GaN Solid-State

Air Traffic Control (ATC) radars are critical for ensuring the safe and efficient movement of aircraft. Traditionally, these systems relied on magnetron-based transmitters, which, while affordable, face limitations in reliability and scalability. However, the rise of AI technologies and the need for real-time data processing have driven the shift towards digital-based SSPA (Solid-State Power Amplifier) solutions.

Modern ATC systems require predictive analytics, automated decision-making, and seamless integration with airspace management platforms—capabilities better supported by GaN (Gallium Nitride) solid-state technology. These digital systems offer greater reliability, higher power density, and lower maintenance costs, meeting the growing demands for flexibility and future upgrades. As AI and software-driven innovations continue to shape ATC operations, the transition to solid-state radar ensures scalability and long-term efficiency.

 

Overview of ATC Radar Systems

ATC radar systems are divided into two primary types:

1. Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR): Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) detects and tracks aircraft by reflecting radio waves off their surfaces. Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) systems provide information on the range and bearing of the aircraft, allowing ATC to monitor all aircraft within a designated airspace, including those without transponders.
2. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR): Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) systems work in conjunction with transponders aboard aircraft. When the radar signal interrogates the transponder, it responds with additional information, such as the aircraft's identity and altitude. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) systems provide more precise data than Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and are crucial for managing high-density airspace.

Both Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) systems have traditionally relied on magnetron transmitters due to their ability to produce high-power pulses necessary for long-range detection. However, GaN solid-state technology is increasingly being adopted for its superior performance and operational benefits.

 

Advantages of GaN Solid-State Technology in ATC Radars

1. Enhanced Reliability and Lower Maintenance

Magnetron transmitters, while powerful, have a limited operational lifespan (typically 2,000 to 5,000 hours) due to the wear and tear on their vacuum tubes. This necessitates frequent replacements and maintenance, leading to increased operational costs and potential downtime. In contrast, GaN solid-state transmitters offer significantly longer lifespans, often reaching 50,000 hours to 100,000 hours. This increased reliability reduces maintenance requirements and ensures higher system availability, which is critical for continuous air traffic management.

2. Improved Signal Stability and Accuracy

Magnetron-based systems are prone to frequency drift and phase noise, which can affect the stability and accuracy of the radar signal. This can result in less precise aircraft tracking, especially at long ranges or in challenging weather conditions. GaN solid-state technology, on the other hand, provides much more stable and accurate signals, ensuring that ATC systems can track aircraft with greater precision. This is particularly important in environments where accurate positional information is crucial for maintaining safe separation between aircraft.

3. Higher Duty Cycle and Better Performance in All Weather Conditions

The duty cycle of a radar system refers to the proportion of time it actively transmits signals. Magnetron-based radars typically operate with a low duty cycle (around 1%), limiting their ability to sustain continuous operation in challenging conditions. GaN solid-state systems can achieve much higher duty cycles (often exceeding 10%), providing several key benefits for ATC applications.

A higher duty cycle allows for more frequent or longer signal transmissions, resulting in greater radar sensitivity and enhanced detection of smaller or more distant targets. It also boosts average power output, improving signal penetration through heavy rain or clouds. Additionally, more frequent pulse repetition ensures precise tracking of fast-moving aircraft and reliable coverage, even in adverse weather, maintaining safety across controlled airspace.

4. Scalability and Modularity

GaN solid-state technology allows for modular radar designs, where individual transmitter modules can be added, replaced, or upgraded independently. This scalability enables ATC radar systems to be easily expanded or adapted to meet changing air traffic demands without requiring significant overhauls. In contrast, magnetron systems often require complete transmitter replacements when upgrades or repairs are needed, which can be costly and time-consuming.

5. Lower Power Consumption and Improved Efficiency

GaN solid-state transmitters are more efficient than magnetrons, converting more of the input power into usable radio frequency energy. This not only reduces the power consumption of the radar system but also lowers the heat generated, minimizing cooling requirements. As a result, GaN-based ATC radars can operate with smaller power supplies and cooling systems, leading to reduced operational costs and a smaller environmental footprint.

 

RFHIC’s GaN solid-state solutions for next-generation ATC radars

RFHIC offers a broad range of GaN solid-state power amplifiers and transmitters for air traffic control radars, operating in L-band, S-band and X-band.

Built with RFHIC’s advanced GaN-on-SiC technology and supported by dedicated in-house manufacturing, these products provide the perfect solution for efficient, reliable, and compact air surveillance radars.

L-Band

Part Number	Type	Min Freq. [MHz]	Max Freq. [MHz]	Output Power [W]	Gain [dB]	Duty Cycle [%]	Pulse Width [us]
RRK102010K-550	Transmitter	1,000	2,000	10,000	55	15	100
RRP1214550-14	Power Amplifier	1,200	1,400	550	14	15	500
RRP131K0-10	Power Amplifier	1,200	1,400	1,200	54	20	500

 

S-Band

Part Number	Type	Min Freq. [MHz]	Max Freq. [MHz]	Output Power [W]	Gain [dB]	Duty Cycle [%]	Pulse Width [us]
RRP27312K5-30	Power Amplifier	2,700	3,100	2,800	30	10	100
RRT273115K-690	Transmitter	2,700	3,100	15,000	72	10	100
RRP27371K5-30	Power Amplifier	2,700	3,700	1,500	30.7	10	200

 

C-Band

Part Number	Type	Min Freq. [MHz]	Max Freq. [MHz]	Output Power [W]	Gain [dB]	Duty Cycle [%]	Pulse Width [us]
RFMR57-CTRM-020SP-500A-SM	Transmit & Receive Module	5,400	5,900	20	40	10	50
RRP54591K2-42	Power Amplifier	5,400	5,900	1,200	42	10	100
RRK56578K5-790	Transmitter	5,600	5,700	8,500	79	10	100

 

X-Band

Part Number	Type	Min Freq. [MHz]	Max Freq. [MHz]	Output Power [W]	Gain [dB]	Duty Cycle [%]	Pulse Width [us]
RRT901005K0-570	Transmiter	9,000	10,000	5,000	57	10	100
RRT9397400-560	Power Amplifier	9,300	9,700	400	54	10	100
RRP9596500-55	Power Amplifier	9,500	9,600	500	55	10	100

 

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